Tuesday, December 18, 2012
Wednesday, November 7, 2012
Biochemistry Study Guide
- Macromolecule
- Carbohydrate
- Proteins
- Lipids
- Nucleic Acid
2. monomer - one unit of a macromolecule; polymer - many repeating units of a monomer
3. reactants are the starting compounds of a chemical reactions; the products are the compounds made by the chemical reactions
4. proteins
5. 75 atoms
6. 65 atoms
7. Enzymes
8. Positive
9. Active site of the enzyme changes shape (denaturized) and can no longer bind with the substrate.
10. a. Substrate - Hydrogen Peroxide
b. Catalyst - Catalase
c. Reactants - Hydrogen Peroxide
d. Products - Water and Oxygen Gas
Wednesday, October 17, 2012
Ecology Study Guide Answers
- Fruit Bat and Fruit Tree (bat gets food, fruit tree gets its seeds dispersed); Buffalo and Birds (Birds do not need to hunt for food, buffalo is freed of insects); Sea Anemone and Clownfish (Sea Anemone uses Clownfish as a bait; Clownfish gets protection)
- Human and Eyelash Mite (Eyelash mites get food, Humans do not get hurt and do not benefit); Whale and Barnacles (Barnacles get access to more food; whale gets nothing but is not harmed); Sea Cucumber and Pearlfish (Pearlfish gets shelter; Sea Cucmber gets nothing but is not harmed)
- Parasitism - One animal is harmed the other benefits; In predator and prey, one animal DIES as food for the predator
- Primary - begins on rock (lichens make soil from the rock); Secondary - starts on rock
- Exponential Growth
- humans have been using "ancient" sun. Fossil fuels are used to create more energy -> more food -> more growth.
- Carbon Cycle
- Bacteria
- coal, gas, oil,
Thursday, May 24, 2012
2nd Semester Finals Study Guide
1. Differentiate between
a. Homozygous & Heterozygous - Homozygous 2 copies of the same allele; Heterozygous 2 different copies of the allele
b. Dominant & Recessive - Dominant, usually a capital letter always shows up when present; Recessive, usually a lower case letter, only shows up when there are two copies of it
c. RNA & DNA - DNA has two strands, thymine (T), and deoxyribose, RNA has one strand, uracil (U), and ribose
d. Genes & alleles - genes - DNA that codes for a physical trait; alleles - different forms of a gene
e. Haploid & diploid - Haploid - sex cells, cells with one copy of chromosomes; Diploid - body cells, cells with 2 copies of chromosomes
f. Transcription & translation - transcription mRNA copying DNA; translation - mRNA translated into amino acids
g. positive feedback & negative feedback - positive feedback - brain pushes body farther away from normal before going back; negative feedback - brain brings body back to normal right away
h. arteries & veins - arteries bring blood away from the heart; veins bring blood back to the heart.
2.
1. Differentiate between
a. Homozygous & Heterozygous - Homozygous 2 copies of the same allele; Heterozygous 2 different copies of the allele
b. Dominant & Recessive - Dominant, usually a capital letter always shows up when present; Recessive, usually a lower case letter, only shows up when there are two copies of it
c. RNA & DNA - DNA has two strands, thymine (T), and deoxyribose, RNA has one strand, uracil (U), and ribose
d. Genes & alleles - genes - DNA that codes for a physical trait; alleles - different forms of a gene
e. Haploid & diploid - Haploid - sex cells, cells with one copy of chromosomes; Diploid - body cells, cells with 2 copies of chromosomes
f. Transcription & translation - transcription mRNA copying DNA; translation - mRNA translated into amino acids
g. positive feedback & negative feedback - positive feedback - brain pushes body farther away from normal before going back; negative feedback - brain brings body back to normal right away
h. arteries & veins - arteries bring blood away from the heart; veins bring blood back to the heart.
2.
- camouflage
- padded feet for running
- muscular build to hunt
3. genetic, population, time
4. variation creates competition. without variation, there would be no competition for survival
5. Sam and his friends have long necks due to their genes. Because of that, they ate better than other tortoises and passed on their genes.
6. 46
7. 2
8. 75%
9. 50% (it's always 50%)
10. A trait that is on the X-Chromosome
11. colorblindness, hemophilia
12. 0%, 0%
13. a. Red; b. red & white; c. orange (or any other color that is not red or white)
14. (ask Mrs. Sohn in class)
15. half of the original is saved to make the new strand
16. DNA - ATCG; RNA- AUCG
17. A-T; C-G
18. mRNA
19. tRNA
20. a. GCG ATA CTC AAT; b. TAC GCA CTA GCT
21. a. UCC CCG GGA AAU; b. GAU AGU CUU GGA
22. 3 bases that code for an amino acid
23. 15
24. C, B, D, A
25. dendrites receive signal from another neuron;
26. holds the signal inside the axon
27. pain killers block receptors
28. chemicals that are released into the blood stream that cause changes in the body
29. both are involved in communication inside the body
30. alveoli
31. body is alerting you to danger; example - spider bite that swells and gets increasingly painful
32. 4
33. 1st line of defense - skin, hair, mucous; 2nd line - white blood cell, inflammatory response
34. antibodies pull the different pathogens together to be eaten by a white blood cell
35. they force your body to develop T-cells that are targeted to fight the pathogens
36. HIV - virus infection; AIDS - when T-cell counts drop to a very low level
37. energy available in food
38. Condoms
39. prevent ovulation; prevents fertilized egg from implanting in the uterus
40. (various - HIV, herpes, chlamydia)
Thursday, April 19, 2012
Tuesday, March 27, 2012
Evolution Study Guide Answers
C - Level
1. adaptations, environment
2. genetic change in a population over time
3. peppered moths - as the trees turned colors due to pollution, the dark moths increased in number because they had adaptations that were better suited for the environment.
4. variation
5. DNA
B - Level
1. fitness
2. adaptations are passed on, they will be more frequent in the population; camel's fat helps it survive for a long time without food. camels with less fat will have lower fitness, camels with more fat will have higher fitness = they will survive and pass on their genes
3. geographic isolation, behavioral isolation, temporal isolation
4. ability to stay cool, nocturnal (sleep at night), manage water loss
5. population A - the chance of an animal having an adaptation that is beneficial is higher
A - Level
1. Sexual reproducers create variation; Sexual minnows got sick less, peacocks had healthier offspring
2. baby birth weight - not good to be too small, not good to be too large, middle is the best
3. it's extremely rare for all conditions to be met - therefore, evolution must happen.
1. adaptations, environment
2. genetic change in a population over time
3. peppered moths - as the trees turned colors due to pollution, the dark moths increased in number because they had adaptations that were better suited for the environment.
4. variation
5. DNA
B - Level
1. fitness
2. adaptations are passed on, they will be more frequent in the population; camel's fat helps it survive for a long time without food. camels with less fat will have lower fitness, camels with more fat will have higher fitness = they will survive and pass on their genes
3. geographic isolation, behavioral isolation, temporal isolation
4. ability to stay cool, nocturnal (sleep at night), manage water loss
5. population A - the chance of an animal having an adaptation that is beneficial is higher
A - Level
1. Sexual reproducers create variation; Sexual minnows got sick less, peacocks had healthier offspring
2. baby birth weight - not good to be too small, not good to be too large, middle is the best
3. it's extremely rare for all conditions to be met - therefore, evolution must happen.
Wednesday, February 15, 2012
Genetics Study Guide Answers
C - Level
1. C. AABbcc will look the same as AaBBcc
2. Meiosis - makes sex cells, 4 genetically different cells; Mitosis – makes every other cell, 2 genetically identical cells
3. Tt x Tt = 75% will look like T, 25% will look like t
4. Incomplete Dominance (3rd phenotype appears)
5. XHXh with XHY
a. Daughters with hemophilia – 0%
b. Sons with hemophilia – 50%
6. Two organisms may share the same phenotype, but have differing genotype.
7. Bb x Bb (75% Black, 25% Brown fur)
8. To make genetically different cells
9. Sex cells are also known as gametes. Since they only have 1 set of chromosomes, they are called haploid. Cells with 2 sets of chromosomes are called diploid.
10. 2 brothers!
B – Level
1. Incomplete dominance
a. RR – red, rr – white, Rr – pink.
b. rr x Rr = 50% white, 50% pink
2. Key: BB – blue, bb – white, Bb – blue AND white. Bb x Bb = 25% Blue, 25% white, 50% blue and white.
3. ii x IAIB = 50% Type A, 50% Type B
4. (check with Mrs. Sohn in class)
5. XBXB with XbY
a. 0% sons will be colorblind
b. 0% of daughters will be colorblind
6. Key: D – Dark, d – blonde
a. Dd
b. dd
c. 50%
A – Level
1. Dihybrid Cross
a. BbEe
b. bbee
c. ¼
d. ¼
2. Males are more likely to inherit sex-linked traits because they only have one X. If there is something wrong with that X, they will always show the trait. They do not have another X to “make up” for that other X.
3. ii x ii; IAi x IAi, IBi x IBi
1. C. AABbcc will look the same as AaBBcc
2. Meiosis - makes sex cells, 4 genetically different cells; Mitosis – makes every other cell, 2 genetically identical cells
3. Tt x Tt = 75% will look like T, 25% will look like t
4. Incomplete Dominance (3rd phenotype appears)
5. XHXh with XHY
a. Daughters with hemophilia – 0%
b. Sons with hemophilia – 50%
6. Two organisms may share the same phenotype, but have differing genotype.
7. Bb x Bb (75% Black, 25% Brown fur)
8. To make genetically different cells
9. Sex cells are also known as gametes. Since they only have 1 set of chromosomes, they are called haploid. Cells with 2 sets of chromosomes are called diploid.
10. 2 brothers!
B – Level
1. Incomplete dominance
a. RR – red, rr – white, Rr – pink.
b. rr x Rr = 50% white, 50% pink
2. Key: BB – blue, bb – white, Bb – blue AND white. Bb x Bb = 25% Blue, 25% white, 50% blue and white.
3. ii x IAIB = 50% Type A, 50% Type B
4. (check with Mrs. Sohn in class)
5. XBXB with XbY
a. 0% sons will be colorblind
b. 0% of daughters will be colorblind
6. Key: D – Dark, d – blonde
a. Dd
b. dd
c. 50%
A – Level
1. Dihybrid Cross
a. BbEe
b. bbee
c. ¼
d. ¼
2. Males are more likely to inherit sex-linked traits because they only have one X. If there is something wrong with that X, they will always show the trait. They do not have another X to “make up” for that other X.
3. ii x ii; IAi x IAi, IBi x IBi
Thursday, January 19, 2012
Protein Synthesis Study Guide
C - Level
1. CTT CAT CTG ACA
2. ACG AUA AGU CCC
3. Four - Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C)
4. Double Helix
5. Nucleus
6. C. Proteins
7. DNA has 2 strands; RNA has 1
8. met - gly - trp - ser - stop
B & A Level
1. DNA has the sugar deoxyribose; RNA has ribose; DNA - A pairs with T; RNA - A pairs with U
2. 3
3. mRNA
4. mRNA is made by copying one side of the DNA; mRNA leaves nucleus to find ribosome
5. mRNA is read 3 bases at a time (codon) and amino acids are put together in the right order
6. changes in DNA
7. mutation can cause the incorrect proteins to be made: could lead to disease or cancer
8. sometimes the mutation results in the same amino acid being made
9. D
10. nucleus
11. ribosome
12. amino acids
13. (picture labeling - see notes for reference)
14. mRNA is copying one side of DNA; mRNA leaves nucleus
15. mRNA enters a ribosome and is read 3 bases at a time. tRNA brings over the amino acid to assemble the protein.
1. CTT CAT CTG ACA
2. ACG AUA AGU CCC
3. Four - Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C)
4. Double Helix
5. Nucleus
6. C. Proteins
7. DNA has 2 strands; RNA has 1
8. met - gly - trp - ser - stop
B & A Level
1. DNA has the sugar deoxyribose; RNA has ribose; DNA - A pairs with T; RNA - A pairs with U
2. 3
3. mRNA
4. mRNA is made by copying one side of the DNA; mRNA leaves nucleus to find ribosome
5. mRNA is read 3 bases at a time (codon) and amino acids are put together in the right order
6. changes in DNA
7. mutation can cause the incorrect proteins to be made: could lead to disease or cancer
8. sometimes the mutation results in the same amino acid being made
9. D
10. nucleus
11. ribosome
12. amino acids
13. (picture labeling - see notes for reference)
14. mRNA is copying one side of DNA; mRNA leaves nucleus
15. mRNA enters a ribosome and is read 3 bases at a time. tRNA brings over the amino acid to assemble the protein.
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