1.
Differentiate between
a. Homozygous/Heterozygous
i. Same alleles/Different alleles
b. Dominant/Recessive
i. Capital letters/Lowercase letters
ii. Dominant masks recessive
c. RNA/DNA
i. DNA – double helix, contains thymine, deoxyribose nucleic acid, stores
genetic information
ii. RNA – single stranded, contains uracil, ribose sugar, codes for amino
acids
d. Genes/Alleles
i. Gene – a physical trait (eye color)/Alleles – all the possible
combinations of a gene (blue, green, hazel)
e. Haploid/Diploid
i. Haploid – half the number of chromosomes (sex cells)
ii. Diploid – 2 sets of chromosomes one from each parent (body cells)
f. Transcription/Translation
i. Transcription – copying the DNA strand onto mRNA/Translation – creating
a proteins using the mRNA strand
g. Positive Feedback/Negative
Feedback
i. Positive feedback – going farther away from normal before returning to
normal/Negative feedback – responding to a change and going back to normal
Evolution
2.
Name 3 adaptations for a polar bear that would make it well suited for
its environment.
a. Thick white fur, ability to swim, sensitive nose, padded feet,
binocular vision.
3.
Complete the sentence. Evolution is genetic change in a population
over time.
4.
Explain why variation is essential in order for natural selection to
occur.
a. There must be a variety of traits in a habitat in order for nature to
“select” the traits that give an organism the biggest advantage to survive and
reproduce/pass on their beneficial genes.
5.
Explain why this sentence is false: “Sam the tortoise and friends stretched their necks to adapt to their
changing environment and access more food.” Change this sentence to make it
true.
a. Lamarck’s theory is false because only genetic information is passed
down, not use or disuse.
b. Sam the tortoise and friends were born with slightly longer necks than
the other which gave them access more food. This allowed them to survive longer
and reproduce more than the other tortoises.
Genetics
6.
How many chromosomes do humans have?
a. 46
7.
How many of those chromosomes are sex chromosomes?
a. 2
8.
If B= black fur, b= brown fur and Black is dominant over brown, what
proportion of the offspring will be homozygous
Black fur if the parents are Bb x Bb?
a. 25%
9.
The Tanner Family has 3 girls. What is the probability of the next
child being another girl?
a. 50% (cross XX x Xy)
10.
What is a sex-linked trait?
a. A trait that is found on one of the sex chromosomes.
11.
Name a disease that is sex linked.
a. Colorblindedness
12.
Carrie is a girl whose mom has normal vision and is not a carrier for
the colorblind gene. Carrie’s dad is colorblind. What are the chances that
Carrie is colorblind? What are the chances that her brother will be colorblind?
13.
If R is red and r is white in flowers, what is the color of each flower
given the following situation
a. Rr (R is dominant to r)
i. Red
b. Rr (codominance)
i. Red with white spots
c. Rr (incomplete dominance)
i. Pink
14.
Make a pedigree for Joe. Joe has 3 sisters. Joe’s mom has 3 brothers.
Joe’s dad has 1 brother and 1 sister. Both of Joe’s parents have a set of
parents.
DNA
15.
Why is DNA replication called ‘semi-conservative replication’?
a. Only half of the DNA strand is copied or “conserved”.
16.
What are the four bases found in DNA? RNA?
a. ATGC/AUGC
17.
How do the four bases pair up?
a. A-T(U), G-C
18.
Which RNA strand copies DNA? mRNA or tRNA?
a. mRNA
19.
Which RNA strand retrieves the appropriate amino acid for protein
synthesis? mRNA or tRNA?
a. tRNA
20.
What is the complementary DNA strand to:
a. CGC TAT TTA GCA ATG
b. GCG ATA AAT CGT TAC
c. ATG CAT GGA ATT TCC
d. TAC GTA CCT TAA AGG
21.
What is the complementary RNA strand to:
a. ACC GAT TTA CCA GCA
b. UGG CUA AAU GGU CGU
c. TTT ACT AGG TCA CAG
d. AAA UGA UCC AGU GUC
22.
What is a codon?
a. 3 base pairs that code for a protein (ex. AUA, GCA)
23.
How many bases are in 5 codons?
a. 15 (3x5)
24.
Put the following events in order:
a. Proteins are made
b. mRNA leaves nucleus
c. mRNA copies one side of the
DNA
d. tRNA brings the correct
amino acid to mRNA to form amino acid chain
e. C, B, D, A
Human Systems
25.
What is the function of the myelin sheath?
a. Speeds up neural communication (100x faster)
26.
What are the parts of a neuron? Draw a neuron and label all the parts.
a. Dendrites, cell body, axon, myelin sheath, axon terminals.
27.
What is the CNS? What is it made of?
a. Central Nervous System – brain and spinal cord
28.
What is the PNS? What is it made of?
a. Peripheral Nervous System – all other nerves in the body
29.
What are the systems of the human body?
a. Circulatory, Nervous, Immune, Integumentary, Digestive, Respiratory,
Skeletal, Muscular, Endocrine, Excretory.
30.
Choose 2 systems from above and state their structure and function.
a.
31.
What is the non-specific defense
made of?
a. Skin, tears, sweat, mucus, hair.
32.
What are T-Cells? Name the 3 types.
a. Helper T-Cells (identify the pathogen)
b. Killer (activated) T-Cells – seek and destroy infected body cells
c. Memory T-Cells – store information to quickly identify the pathogen at
a later time.
Health
33.
What is a calorie?
a. A unit of energy/the energy required to raise 1mL of water by 1 degree
Centigrade
34.
What is healthy eating? Why is it important?
a. Healthy eating – eating a balanced diet consisting of all the major
food groups (grains, vegetables, fruits, meats, dairy) and low in sugar.
Watching calories/serving sizes to avoid overeating.
b. Importance – keeps body at a healthy weight, minimizes health risks
such as diabetes, keeps the heart running strong, and reduces risk of chronic
illness.
35.
What is an STI/STD?
a. Sexually Transmitted Infections (curable)/Sexually Transmitted Diseases
(symptoms can be treated) are pathogens that are acquired by unprotected sexual
contact (ex. Herpes, HIV, Chlamydia).
36. How can we protect ourselves
from sexually transmitted disease/infections?
a. 100% effective method – abstinence.
b. Next best method – condoms (female and male)
c. Use protective methods to reduce risk of acquiring an STI/STD.
