Essay Questions

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Ultimate Biology Study Guide

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Biochemistry Study Guide

1. Macromolecule

• Carbohydrate
• Proteins
• Lipids
• Nucleic Acid

2. monomer - one unit of a macromolecule; polymer - many repeating units of a monomer

3. reactants are the starting compounds of a chemical reactions; the products are the compounds made by the chemical reactions

4. proteins

5. 75 atoms

6. 65 atoms

7. Enzymes 

8. Positive

9. Active site of the enzyme changes shape (denaturized) and can no longer bind with the substrate.

10. a. Substrate - Hydrogen Peroxide

      b. Catalyst - Catalase

      c. Reactants - Hydrogen Peroxide

      d. Products - Water and Oxygen Gas

Ecology Study Guide Answers

1. Fruit Bat and Fruit Tree (bat gets food, fruit tree gets its seeds dispersed); Buffalo and Birds (Birds do not need to hunt for food, buffalo is freed of insects); Sea Anemone and Clownfish (Sea Anemone uses Clownfish as a bait; Clownfish gets protection)
2. Human and Eyelash Mite (Eyelash mites get food, Humans do not get hurt and do not benefit); Whale and Barnacles (Barnacles get access to more food; whale gets nothing but is not harmed); Sea Cucumber and Pearlfish (Pearlfish gets shelter; Sea Cucmber gets nothing but is not harmed)
3. Parasitism - One animal is harmed the other benefits; In predator and prey, one animal DIES as food for the predator
4. Primary - begins on rock (lichens make soil from the rock); Secondary - starts on rock
5. Exponential Growth 
6. humans have been using "ancient" sun. Fossil fuels are used to create more energy -> more food -> more growth.
7. Carbon Cycle
8. Bacteria
9. 
10. coal, gas, oil, 

2nd Semester Finals Study Guide


1.  Differentiate between
a. Homozygous & Heterozygous - Homozygous 2 copies of the same allele; Heterozygous 2 different copies of the allele
b. Dominant & Recessive - Dominant, usually a capital letter always shows up when present; Recessive, usually a lower case letter, only shows up when there are two copies of it
c. RNA & DNA - DNA has two strands, thymine (T), and deoxyribose, RNA has one strand, uracil (U), and ribose
d. Genes & alleles - genes - DNA that codes for a physical trait; alleles - different forms of a gene
e. Haploid & diploid - Haploid - sex cells, cells with one copy of chromosomes; Diploid - body cells, cells with 2 copies of chromosomes
f. Transcription & translation - transcription mRNA copying DNA; translation - mRNA translated into amino acids
g. positive feedback & negative feedback - positive feedback - brain pushes body farther away from normal before going back; negative feedback - brain brings body back to normal right away
h. arteries & veins - arteries bring blood away from the heart; veins bring blood back to the heart.

2.

• camouflage
• padded feet for running
• muscular build to hunt

3.  genetic, population, time

4.  variation creates competition. without variation, there would be no competition for survival

5.  Sam and his friends have long necks due to their genes. Because of that, they ate better than other tortoises and passed on their genes.

6. 46

7. 2

8. 75%

9. 50% (it's always 50%)

10. A trait that is on the X-Chromosome

11. colorblindness, hemophilia

12. 0%, 0%

13. a. Red; b. red & white; c. orange (or any other color that is not red or white)

14. (ask Mrs. Sohn in class)

15. half of the original is saved to make the new strand

16. DNA - ATCG; RNA- AUCG

17. A-T; C-G

18. mRNA

19. tRNA

20. a. GCG ATA CTC AAT; b. TAC GCA CTA GCT

21. a. UCC CCG GGA AAU; b. GAU AGU CUU GGA

22. 3 bases that code for an amino acid

23. 15

24. C, B, D, A

25. dendrites receive signal from another neuron;

26. holds the signal inside the axon

27. pain killers block receptors 

28. chemicals that are released into the blood stream that cause changes in the body

29. both are involved in communication inside the body

30. alveoli

31. body is alerting you to danger; example - spider bite that swells and gets increasingly painful

32. 4

33. 1st line of defense - skin, hair, mucous; 2nd line - white blood cell, inflammatory response

34. antibodies pull the different pathogens together to be eaten by a white blood cell

35. they force your body to develop T-cells that are targeted to fight the pathogens

36. HIV -  virus infection; AIDS - when T-cell counts drop to a very low level

37. energy available in food

38. Condoms

39. prevent ovulation; prevents fertilized egg from implanting in the uterus

40. (various - HIV, herpes, chlamydia)

Nervous System Notes

Central and Peripheral Nervous System

Intro to Neurons

Drugs and the Brain

Evolution Study Guide Answers

C - Level

1. adaptations, environment
2. genetic change in a population over time
3. peppered moths - as the trees turned colors due to pollution, the dark moths increased in number because they had adaptations that were better suited for the environment.
4. variation
5. DNA

B - Level
1. fitness
2. adaptations are passed on, they will be more frequent in the population; camel's fat helps it survive for a long time without food. camels with less fat will have lower fitness, camels with more fat will have higher fitness = they will survive and pass on their genes
3. geographic isolation, behavioral isolation, temporal isolation
4. ability to stay cool, nocturnal (sleep at night), manage water loss
5. population A - the chance of an animal having an adaptation that is beneficial is higher

A - Level
1. Sexual reproducers create variation; Sexual minnows got sick less, peacocks had healthier offspring
2. baby birth weight - not good to be too small, not good to be too large, middle is the best
3. it's extremely rare for all conditions to be met - therefore, evolution must happen.