2nd Semester Final Study Guide

1.     Differentiate between

a.     Homozygous/Heterozygous

                                               i.     Same alleles/Different alleles

b.     Dominant/Recessive

                                               i.     Capital letters/Lowercase letters

                                              ii.     Dominant masks recessive

c.      RNA/DNA

                                               i.     DNA – double helix, contains thymine, deoxyribose nucleic acid, stores genetic information

                                              ii.     RNA – single stranded, contains uracil, ribose sugar, codes for amino acids

d.     Genes/Alleles

                                               i.     Gene – a physical trait (eye color)/Alleles – all the possible combinations of a gene (blue, green, hazel)

e.     Haploid/Diploid

                                               i.     Haploid – half the number of chromosomes (sex cells)

                                              ii.     Diploid – 2 sets of chromosomes one from each parent (body cells)

f.      Transcription/Translation

                                               i.     Transcription – copying the DNA strand onto mRNA/Translation – creating a proteins using the mRNA strand

g.     Positive Feedback/Negative Feedback

                                               i.     Positive feedback – going farther away from normal before returning to normal/Negative feedback – responding to a change and going back to normal

Evolution

2.     Name 3 adaptations for a polar bear that would make it well suited for its environment.

a.     Thick white fur, ability to swim, sensitive nose, padded feet, binocular vision.

3.     Complete the sentence. Evolution is genetic change in a population over time.

4.     Explain why variation is essential in order for natural selection to occur.

a.     There must be a variety of traits in a habitat in order for nature to “select” the traits that give an organism the biggest advantage to survive and reproduce/pass on their beneficial genes.

5.     Explain why this sentence is false: “Sam the tortoise and friends stretched their necks to adapt to their changing environment and access more food.” Change this sentence to make it true.

a.     Lamarck’s theory is false because only genetic information is passed down, not use or disuse.

b.     Sam the tortoise and friends were born with slightly longer necks than the other which gave them access more food. This allowed them to survive longer and reproduce more than the other tortoises.

Genetics

6.     How many chromosomes do humans have?

a.     46

7.     How many of those chromosomes are sex chromosomes?

a.     2

8.     If B= black fur, b= brown fur and Black is dominant over brown, what proportion of the offspring will be homozygous Black fur if the parents are Bb x Bb?

a.     25%

9.     The Tanner Family has 3 girls. What is the probability of the next child being another girl?

a.     50% (cross XX x Xy)

10.   What is a sex-linked trait?

a.     A trait that is found on one of the sex chromosomes.

11.   Name a disease that is sex linked.

a.     Colorblindedness

12.   Carrie is a girl whose mom has normal vision and is not a carrier for the colorblind gene. Carrie’s dad is colorblind. What are the chances that Carrie is colorblind? What are the chances that her brother will be colorblind?

a.     0% chance Carrie or her brother will be colorblind

13.   If R is red and r is white in flowers, what is the color of each flower given the following situation

a.     Rr (R is dominant to r)

                                               i.     Red

b.     Rr (codominance)

                                               i.     Red with white spots

c.      Rr (incomplete dominance)

                                               i.     Pink

14.   Make a pedigree for Joe. Joe has 3 sisters. Joe’s mom has 3 brothers. Joe’s dad has 1 brother and 1 sister. Both of Joe’s parents have a set of parents.

DNA

15.   Why is DNA replication called ‘semi-conservative replication’?

a.     Only half of the DNA strand is copied or “conserved”.

16.   What are the four bases found in DNA? RNA?

a.     ATGC/AUGC

17.   How do the four bases pair up?

a.     A-T(U), G-C

18.   Which RNA strand copies DNA? mRNA or tRNA?

a.     mRNA

19.   Which RNA strand retrieves the appropriate amino acid for protein synthesis? mRNA or tRNA?

a.     tRNA

20.   What is the complementary DNA strand to:

a.     CGC TAT TTA GCA ATG

b.     GCG ATA AAT CGT TAC

c.      ATG CAT GGA ATT TCC

d.     TAC GTA CCT TAA AGG

21.   What is the complementary RNA strand to:

a.     ACC GAT TTA CCA GCA

b.     UGG CUA AAU GGU CGU

c.      TTT ACT AGG TCA CAG

d.     AAA UGA UCC AGU GUC

22.   What is a codon?

a.     3 base pairs that code for a protein (ex. AUA, GCA)

23.   How many bases are in 5 codons?

a.     15 (3x5)

24.   Put the following events in order:

a.     Proteins are made

b.     mRNA leaves nucleus

c.      mRNA copies one side of the DNA

d.     tRNA brings the correct amino acid to mRNA to form amino acid chain

e.     C, B, D, A

Human Systems

25.   What is the function of the myelin sheath?

a.     Speeds up neural communication (100x faster)

26.   What are the parts of a neuron? Draw a neuron and label all the parts.

a.     Dendrites, cell body, axon, myelin sheath, axon terminals.

27.   What is the CNS? What is it made of?

a.     Central Nervous System – brain and spinal cord

28.   What is the PNS? What is it made of?

a.     Peripheral Nervous System – all other nerves in the body

29.   What are the systems of the human body?

a.     Circulatory, Nervous, Immune, Integumentary, Digestive, Respiratory, Skeletal, Muscular, Endocrine, Excretory.

30.   Choose 2 systems from above and state their structure and function.

a.      

31.   What is the non-specific defense made of?

a.     Skin, tears, sweat, mucus, hair.

32.   What are T-Cells? Name the 3 types.

a.     Helper T-Cells (identify the pathogen)

b.     Killer (activated) T-Cells – seek and destroy infected body cells

c.      Memory T-Cells – store information to quickly identify the pathogen at a later time.

Health

33.   What is a calorie?

a.     A unit of energy/the energy required to raise 1mL of water by 1 degree Centigrade

34.   What is healthy eating? Why is it important?

a.     Healthy eating – eating a balanced diet consisting of all the major food groups (grains, vegetables, fruits, meats, dairy) and low in sugar. Watching calories/serving sizes to avoid overeating.

b.     Importance – keeps body at a healthy weight, minimizes health risks such as diabetes, keeps the heart running strong, and reduces risk of chronic illness.

35.   What is an STI/STD?

a.     Sexually Transmitted Infections (curable)/Sexually Transmitted Diseases (symptoms can be treated) are pathogens that are acquired by unprotected sexual contact (ex. Herpes, HIV, Chlamydia).

36.   How can we protect ourselves from sexually transmitted disease/infections?

a.     100% effective method – abstinence.

b.     Next best method – condoms (female and male)

c.      Use protective methods to reduce risk of acquiring an STI/STD.

Protein Synthesis Study Guide

C-Level

1. CTT  CAT  CTG  ACA
2. ACG  AUA  AGU  CCC
3. 4 - (Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine)
4. Double Helix
5. Nucleus
6. C. Proteins
7. DNA - 2 strands, RNA - 1 strand
8. met - gly - trp - ser - stop

B&A Level

1. RNA - ribose, uracil; DNA - deoxyribose, thymine
2. 3
3. mRNA
4. mRNA copies one side of the DNA to get the recipe to make the protein
5. the mRNA is translated one codon at a time into an amino acid chain
6. a change in DNA
7. mutations can cause a change in the type of protein produced
8. UCA - serine; UCG - also serine. This mutation resulted in the same amino acid created.
9. D
10. nucleus
11. ribosome
12. amino acids
13. (see notes)
14. mRNA is copying one side of the DNA in the nucleus.
15. mRNA leaves nucleus and is translated into amino acids in the ribosome.

DNA Extraction at Home

Just in case you wanted to replicate our experiment at school here is a link!

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/labs/extraction/howto/

Cancer Mini-Research Project

Today you will be taking a closer look at cancer.

You will be responsible for turning in your own work at the end of the day.

Helpful links:

http://www.cancer.org 

(for general as well as specific information on various cancers)

http://science.howstuffworks.com/life/cellular-microscopic/hela-cell.htm

(A great introduction to HeLa cells)

Ultimate Study Guide - Finals Study Guide Answers

Click here

Cell Micro Study Guide

C - Level

1.
2. Eukaryote - plant or animal cell; Prokaryote - bacteria
3. Diffusion is the movement of molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration until both are equal.

B - Level
1. Prokaryote - no nucleus, no organelles, smaller, circular DNA; Eukaryote - nucleus, contains organelles, big
2. Animal cell - contains lysosome, cell membrane only, small vacuole if any, mitochondria only - uses food for energy; Plant cell - contains large vacuole, contains chloroplast (uses sunlight for energy) and contains both cell wall and cell membrane
3. See notes on organelles.
4. Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a membrane
5. No energy - osmosis, diffusion, facilitated diffusion; Energy needed - endocytosis, exocytosis, active transport

A - Level
1. See above
2. See notes.
3. Review cell metaphor
4. See #2 in BLevel
5. Discuss osmosis, diffusion, endocytosis, exocytosis
6. proteins allow large molecules to pass through membranes or allow membranes to move against the gradient (low concentration to high)

Good to know
1. lipids and proteins
2. proteins
3. bacteria, plant
4. lysosome
5. cell wall, chloroplast
6. ribosome
7. shrink
8. plant and bacteria
9. lysosome
10. both are involved in generating energy for the organism. Chloroplasts generate energy from sun, water and carbon dioxide. Mitochondria generate energy from food.

Cell Organelle Notes

Cell Organelle Notes

Ecology Study Guide 2

This study guide is due FRIDAY (November 1).

1. Mutualism - Both organisms benefit from the relationship.
2. Commensalism - One organism benefits and the other does not benefit and is not harmed.
3. Parasitism - One organism benefits while the other is harmed.
4. Whale and Barnacle; Eyelash Mite and Humans; Sea Cucumber and Fish
5. Birth Rate, Death Rate, Emigration, Immigration
6. Katrina moved from San Diego to San Jose. She emigrated from San Diego. She immigrated to San Jose.
7. The squirrel would eat more producers. Competition among the species would increase.
8. Water, Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorus
9. Bacteria
10. Urine and Decomposition
11. Animals and Plants that lived millions of years ago.
12. solar, wind, water
13. coal, oil, natural gas
14. Due to technology, we are able to create more food (resources) than ever before. This allows us to support more living things.
15. Agriculture, building cities, transportation, industries
16. Often time it's inconvenient and costly
17. Global warming occurs when the atmosphere thickens due to increased carbon emissions (from transportation and industry) This thicker atmosphere traps the heat from the sun and causes the earth to heat up.
18. Primary succession begins on bare rock

Ecology (Test 1) Study Guide Answers

1. Individual - one organism; Population - a group of the same organism; Community - all living (biotic) factors in an area; Ecosystem - all the living and nonliving (abiotic) factors in an area; Biome - similar ecosystems (example: desert, tundra, rainforest); Biosphere - where all life exists on earth.
2. (we'll go over this in class)
3. (we'll go over this in class)
4. population, abiotic factors, ecosystem, biosphere, biotic factors
5. A food web shows ALL of the feeding relationships within an ecosystem. A food chain only shows a partial (linear) pathway of energy.

Predator Prey Relationship

1. Increasing
2. Increasing
3. As the moose population increased, there was more food available for the wolves which in turn resulted in the increase of the wolf population.

Unit 1 Study Guide Answers

• Hair is tied back
• Closed toed shoes
• No loose clothing

2.

• Run water over your skin for at least 5 minutes.

3. Gram

4. Meter

5. Liter

6. 0.00352 km

7. 24L = 24 L (this was a typo - sorry!)

8. a. 1 cm

b. 1 KL

c. 10 g

9. a. coffee

b. time to complete problems

c. group b (no special treatment)

d. they complete the same problems, same age, same level of math

10. a. Does drinking milk affect growth rate?

b. Milk causes increased growth.

c. 10 randomly chosen babies with the same birthdate. After they turn 5 years old, Group drinks 2 cups of milk every day. Group B drinks 2 cups of water instead. Measure growth after 10 years.

11. cohesion (water sticking to itself)

12. high specific heat (water's ability to absorb heat)

13. adhesion - water sticking to other molecules; cohesion - water sticking to other water molecules.

Unit 1 Notes

Scientific Method

Metric System

Graphing

Properties of Water

2nd Semester Study Guide Answers

1.  Differentiate between
a. Homozygous & Heterozygous - Homozygous 2 copies of the same allele; Heterozygous 2 different copies of the allele
b. Dominant & Recessive - Dominant, usually a capital letter always shows up when present; Recessive, usually a lower case letter, only shows up when there are two copies of it
c. RNA & DNA - DNA has two strands, thymine (T), and deoxyribose, RNA has one strand, uracil (U), and ribose
d. Genes & alleles - genes - DNA that codes for a physical trait; alleles - different forms of a gene
e. Haploid & diploid - Haploid - sex cells, cells with one copy of chromosomes; Diploid - body cells, cells with 2 copies of chromosomes
f. Transcription & translation - transcription mRNA copying DNA; translation - mRNA translated into amino acids
g. positive feedback & negative feedback - positive feedback - brain pushes body farther away from normal before going back; negative feedback - brain brings body back to normal right away
h. arteries & veins - arteries bring blood away from the heart; veins bring blood back to the heart.

2.

• camouflage
• padded feet for running
• muscular build to hunt

3.  genetic, population, time

4.  variation creates competition. without variation, there would be no competition for survival

5.  Sam and his friends have long necks due to their genes. Because of that, they ate better than other tortoises and passed on their genes.

6. 46

7. 2

8. 75%

9. 50% (it's always 50%)

10. A trait that is on the X-Chromosome

11. colorblindness, hemophilia

12. 0%, 0%

13. a. Red; b. red & white; c. orange (or any other color that is not red or white)

14. (ask Mrs. Sohn in class)

15. half of the original is saved to make the new strand

16. DNA - ATCG; RNA- AUCG

17. A-T; C-G

18. mRNA

19. tRNA

20. a. GCG ATA CTC AAT; b. TAC GCA CTA GCT

21. a. UCC CCG GGA AAU; b. GAU AGU CUU GGA

22. 3 bases that code for an amino acid

23. 15

24. C, B, D, A

25. dendrites receive signal from another neuron;

26. holds the signal inside the axon

27. pain killers block receptors 

28. chemicals that are released into the blood stream that cause changes in the body

29. both are involved in communication inside the body

30. alveoli

31. body is alerting you to danger; example - spider bite that swells and gets increasingly painful

32. 4

33. 1st line of defense - skin, hair, mucous; 2nd line - white blood cell, inflammatory response

34. antibodies pull the different pathogens together to be eaten by a white blood cell

35. they force your body to develop T-cells that are targeted to fight the pathogens

36. HIV -  virus infection; AIDS - when T-cell counts drop to a very low level

37. energy available in food

38. Condoms

39. prevent ovulation; prevents fertilized egg from implanting in the uterus

40. (various - HIV, herpes, chlamydia)

Evolution Study Guide Answers

1. Variation
2. Natural Selection
3. Evolution
4. Genes
5. Adaptation
6. Fitness
7. Genetic Drift
8. Half-life
9. Alelle Frequency
10. Speciation
11. Founder's Effect
12. Relative Dating
13. Nocturnal (to avoid heat); No fur (to stay cool); Animals are really good at extracting water from food (no need to drink)
14. Because the trees were covered in soot, the once favored light moths suddenly stood out against the dark trees. This made them a more likely target for predators. This caused a rapid change in the genes of the moths. More dark genes were now present in the peppered moth population.
15. (Left to Right, Top to Bottom): 4, 2, 5, 3,1,6,
16. 
17. graph shifts to the left.
18. 10 g.
19. Opposable thumbs, large brains compared to body size, binocular vision, bipedalism
20. Sexual reproducers produce variation every time they produce offspring (minnows, incest = more disease)

Genetics Review Packet (the 4 pages of punnett squares)

1. Dominant - The gene that always shows, usually a capital letter
2. Recessive - The gene that is present only when the dominant gene is not present, usually a lower case letter
3. 1/4 (triangle) 1:3 (circle) 75% (square)
4. a. gene b. homozygous c. punnett square d. genotype e. phenotype f. ratio g. probability
5. a. heterozygous b. heterozygous c. homozygous dominant d. heterozygous e. homozygous recessive f. homozygous recessive g. homozygous dominant h. heterozygous
6. 25% - BB 50% - Bb 25% - bb
7. 0% - BB; 50% - Bb; 50% - bb
8. 1/4 BbEe (Black hair/ brown eyes); 1/4 Bbee (Black hair/ blue eyes); 1/4 bbEe (blonde hair/brown eyes); bbee (blonde hair/blue eyes)
9. Parent 1 - rr and Parent 2 - Rr; (rr x Rr) 50% White, 50% Pink
10. Males (XY); Females (XX)
11. Cross XY and XX
12. a. 100% Type O; b. 100% Type AB; c. 50% Type A, 50% Type B
13. a. 2/2 girls with normal vision, 1/2 normal boys, 1/2 boys colorblind; b. 2/2 girls are normal, 2/2 boys are colorblind; c. 2/2 girls are normal, 2/2 boys are normal

Genetics Study Guide Answer

This was today's hand out:

C - Level
1. C. AABbcc will look the same as AaBBcc 
2. Meiosis - makes sex cells, 4 genetically different cells; Mitosis – makes every other cell, 2 genetically identical cells 
3. Tt x Tt = 75% will look like T, 25% will look like t
4. Incomplete Dominance (3rd phenotype appears)
5. XHXh with XHY
a. Daughters with hemophilia – 0% 
b. Sons with hemophilia – 50% 
6. Two organisms may share the same phenotype, but have differing genotype. 
7. Bb x Bb (75% Black, 25% Brown fur)
8. To make genetically different cells
9. Sex cells are also known as gametes. Since they only have 1 set of chromosomes, they are called haploid. Cells with 2 sets of chromosomes are called diploid.
10. 2 brothers!

B – Level
1. Incomplete dominance 
a. RR – red, rr – white, Rr – pink. 
b. rr x Rr = 50% white, 50% pink
2. Key: BB – blue, bb – white, Bb – blue AND white. Bb x Bb = 25% Blue, 25% white, 50% blue and white.
3. ii x IAIB = 50% Type A, 50% Type B
4. (check with Mrs. Sohn in class)
5. XBXB with XbY
a. 0% sons will be colorblind
b. 0% of daughters will be colorblind
6. Key: D – Dark, d – blonde
a. Dd
b. dd
c. 50%

A – Level
1. Dihybrid Cross
a. BbEe
b. bbee
c. ¼
d. ¼ 
2. Males are more likely to inherit sex-linked traits because they only have one X. If there is something wrong with that X, they will always show the trait. They do not have another X to “make up” for that other X.
3. ii x ii; IAi x IAi, IBi x IBi